![]() ![]() Structure elucidation involved accurate mass measurements and multistage tandem mass spectrometry experiments. The reaction mixtures were analyzed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Herein, the oxidative transformation of capsaicin was investigated in vitro with electrochemistry as well as human liver microsomal incubations. Considering the growing interest in capsaicin, this review provides an update on the molecular targets of capsaicin in modulating oncogenic signaling.Ĭapsaicin, primarily known as the pungent ingredient in hot peppers, is rapidly metabolized in the human body by enzymatic processes altering the pharmacological as well as toxicological properties. The compound activated mitochondria-dependent and death receptor-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. Capsaicin has also been reported to inhibit the activation of various kinases and transcription that are involved in tumor promotion and progression. Moreover, the compound has been reported to inhibit carcinogen activation and chemically induced experimental tumor growth. However, the majority of research has revealed that capsaicin interferes with various hallmarks of cancer, such as increased cell proliferation, evasion from apoptosis, inflammation, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, and tumor immune escape. The pungent principle of hot chili pepper, capsaicin, has been a subject of research for anticancer drug discovery for more than three decades. The quest for developing anticancer principles from natural sources has a long historical track record and remarkable success stories. This review would further assist the scientific community involved in designing efficacious chemopreventive approaches using these phytochemicals in treating cancer. In addition, information regarding certain limiting factors such as whole animal physiology, tumour microenvironment and bioavailability of active components of phytoconstituents used in pre/clinical trials are further explored. Key focus of this review is to highlight some significant and new information about different molecular aspects of chemopreventive ability of plant based phytochemicals in terms of their inhibitory potential on cancer growth. A multitude of phytoconstituents have been explored for their potential to prevent the occurrence of carcinogenesis both in vitro and in vivo by means of diverse cellular and molecular approaches. ![]() In the last few years, much of the scientific attention has drawn to the discovery of new and effective chemopreventive agents from natural sources. Many cancers develop as a result of exposure to both lifestyle and environmental factors that are potentially modifiable. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Ĭancer is a leading cause of disease burden throughout the world. It is concluded that pure capsaicin is not active in the standard battery of genotoxicity assays recommended by the International Conference on Harmonisation for evaluation of new medicines earlier reported in vitro genotoxic activity is probably associated with mutagenic impurities in commercial grades of the material. In addition, no evidence of cytotoxicity or genotoxicity was seen in the rat bone marrow micronucleus test, where systemic exposure to pure capsaicin was achieved using the subcutaneous route and a rising dose toleration protocol. The results confirm the absence of genotoxic activity of high-purity capsaicin in the bacterial mutation and chromosome aberra-tion tests. The purpose of the present study, where a series of standard assays were performed in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guidance, was to clarify earlier conflicting reports concerning potential genotoxicity of capsaicin prior to administering it to patients in an injectable form. Most recently, injection of pure capsaicin has been proposed as a means of relieving a variety of debilitating diseases, in which case tissues would receive relatively high and direct exposure. ![]() There is widespread dietary exposure to capsaicin in the form of chili peppers, while capsaicin's analgesic qualities have led to increased use of a topical herbal remedy in various impure forms.
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